Quick Revision!

PARTS OF SPEECH

1. nouns - words used to name a person, animal, place, thing or abstract idea

2. verbs - words used to express actions

3. adjectives - words used to describe nouns / pronouns

4. adverbs - words used to describe verbs

5. pronouns - words to replace nouns (e.g: he, she, it, I, you, they, we...)

6. conjunctions - words used to link words, phrases, clauses or sentences

7. prepositions - words used to show relationship or position of a subject

8. interjections -  words used to express feelings or emotion

TENSES

1. present simple - used in situations to describe truths, facts, a series of actions or 

things that happen on regular basis

2. present continuous - 'am' / 'is' / 'are' + present participle (e.g: am going, are walking)

   to describe action in progress 

3. past simple - completed action in the past

4. past continuous - 'was' / 'were' + present participle (e.g: was going, were walking)

completed action in the past but action was going during the time 

of speaking

5. past perfect - 'had' + past participle (e.g: had gone, had walked)

to describe an action which was completed before a time in the 

past

example: Jenny said that she had seen a ghost

explanation: 30th May 2009 - Today

29th May 2009 - Yesterday I met Jenny and she

      said something

29th May 2008 - Jenny saw a ghost one year ago

6. past perfect continuous - 'had been' + present participle (e.g: had been walking)

7. present perfect simple - 'has' / 'have' + past participle (e.g: has walked, have taken)

to describe things that started in the past but still 

continuing in the present / may happen in the future

example: Jenny has lived in Puncak Banyan Apartment 

    (PBA) since last year.

explanation: 1st January 2008 -  Jenny moves in to PBA.

NOW!!! - Jenny still lives in PBA.

8. present perfect continuous - 'has' / 'have' + been + present participle 

(e.g: has been talking) 

to describe action which began in the past and is still 

continuing or has just finished.

     example: Jenny has been reading all afternoon.

explanation: 12pm - Jenny starts to read

3pm   - still reading...

5pm - now finish

Dear students,

Past simple, present perfect simple and present perfect continuous has some similarities and we will easily get confused. Please pay attention to these because they can be quite confusing. Good luck to you :) Hope that you can gain something from this quick revision. If you have anything that you don't understand, please see me in the office on Monday (2pm to 4pm)